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[Music]

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nasa's jet propulsion laboratory

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presents

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the von carmen lecture a series of talks

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by scientists and engineers who are

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exploring our planet our solar system

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hello and welcome to another edition of

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the 2022 mon carmen talks i am nikki

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weirich from jpl's office of

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communications and education and i will

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be your host for our topic this evening

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a look at nasa's earth system

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observatory

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provide key information to guide efforts

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related to climate change natural hazard

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mitigation fighting forest fires and

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improving real-time agricultural

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processes

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each uniquely designed satellite in the

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observatory will work in tandem to

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create a 3d holistic view of earth from

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bedrock to atmosphere

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joining us as co-host this evening is

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lindsay mclaurin an outreach specialist

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from earth public engagement hiya

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lindsey

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hi nikki thank you so much for letting

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me join you tonight and to everybody

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watching us from home we're looking

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forward to having you be a part of

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tonight's conversation so from wherever

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you're joining us use the chat feature

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and one of our amazing social media

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specialists will pass along the

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questions to us if you're having trouble

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finding the chat feature refresh

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wherever you're joining and it should

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pop back up back to you nikki

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awesome thank you so much lindsay

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as always if we run into any technical

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difficulties or small failures tonight

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we ask for your patience and please

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stick with us we'll get them sorted out

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as soon as we can

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our speaker this evening dr erica podest

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is a scientist with the carbon cycle and

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ecosystems group in jpl's earth science

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division

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her research focuses on using earth

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observing satellites particularly

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microwave sensors to better understand

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how climate change is altering

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ecosystems

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hi nikki great to be here

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we're so excited to have you so erica

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what is nasa currently doing to study

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planet earth

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so nasa is observing our planet from

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space in different ways

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so we can bring up the first video and

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it shows nasa's earth observing fleet

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it currently has 23 earth science

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observing missions in orbit

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including six instruments on the

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international space station

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and these different

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satellites and instruments measure the

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different components of our earth's

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environment as related to

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the oceans the atmosphere and the land

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the continents

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and they measure things like

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sea level rise or atmospheric sea co2

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concentrations or

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soil moisture

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and together they provide a big picture

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perspective of our earth as a system

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and help better understand our changing

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planet

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the study of earth from space started in

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the 1970s

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and it has really revolutionized the way

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we study our planets because we can

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collect information with the same sensor

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and methods on a continuous basis

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over our entire planet including very

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so over 20 missions how do these

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we're looking at our planet in different

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ways and these instruments use different

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technologies to measure specific parts

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of our planet so let me first talk about

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the electromagnetic spectrum we could

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bring up the next image please

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we're making measurements in specific

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parts of the electromagnetic spectrum

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and some sensors collect information

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about our planet using the optical

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portion of the spectrum

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those collected within for example the

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visible range of the optical portion

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are images similar to those that you see

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on google earth

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there are other parts of the optical

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spectrum that are beyond what the human

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eye can see

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and these data help identify things like

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specific types of plants

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ocean color the reflectivity of ice

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or

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gases and aerosols in the atmosphere

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now there are other sensors that measure

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the thermal energy or the heat that's

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emitted from the planets and that helps

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for example to detect wildfires or to

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monitor the urban heat island effect

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and then there are other sensors that

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make measurements in the microwave part

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of the spectrum which can provide

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information about the atmosphere such as

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precipitation

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about the ocean such as

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sea level height

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and about the land surface such as soil

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moisture

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and then finally there's another

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category of sensors that do not rely on

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measuring energy from a specific part of

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the electromagnetic spectrum but they

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measure the gravitational pull of

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different parts of the earth and provide

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information about mass gain or loss and

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i'll talk about that a little bit

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further ahead

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now one thing to note about the

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electromagnetic spectrum

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is that most of the energy on the

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spectrum is not visible to our eyes and

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visible light is really just a small

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sliver of all of the energy that

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surrounds us

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so these advanced sensors and

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instruments in space

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are providing information about things

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i mean it's just incredible to think of

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what we can already do and see

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or see with these instruments what are

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nasa's next steps to better

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understanding our earth

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so it's very exciting the future because

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nasa is planning to launch a new set of

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earth-focused satellites before the end

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of the decade and these are called the

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earth system observatory also known as

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eso as shown in this next image

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and the observatory will consist of five

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core satellites

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and these satellites are going to

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provide key information to better

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understand things that affect our daily

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lives for example climate change

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things like melting glaciers and ice

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sheets warming oceans or loss of

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biodiversity

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another example are desire disasters

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we're already seeing a

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larger occurrence a higher occurrence

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and intensity of disasters wildfires

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floods droughts

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and these new satellites will provide

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more precise information about these

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events that can help not only in

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mitigation strategies but

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they can help inform disaster response

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and recovery efforts

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a final example is agriculture

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we'll be able to better

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inform on events that affect

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agricultural processes such as droughts

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or diseased crops

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and provide this information to relevant

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agencies so that they can implement

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better crop or water management

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strategies

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so the earth system observatory it

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builds on the capabilities of nasa's

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current 23 operating missions and past

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technologies as well and each satellite

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will have a unique design and complement

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the other to create

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a 3d view of our planet from the

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atmosphere to the surface to even what's

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underneath the surface

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and so they'll not only help better

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understand the interactions between the

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atmosphere the land the oceans the ice

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but most importantly how a change in one

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the way these missions are going to work

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together it sounds impressive but where

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did this idea come from and how will the

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focus of the earth system observatory be

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different from the current satellite

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so there's something called the earth

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science decatal survey and that survey

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identified

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five high priority observing

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capabilities that were needed for future

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earth missions

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and this survey is undertaken by the

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scientific community every 10 years

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to look out 10 years or more into the

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future

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and

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really prioritize not only research

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areas but observations and the notional

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missions to make those observations

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and the last survey came out in 2017

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and identified five

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observing capabilities as key

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observations for future satellite

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missions so these are shown in the next

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video and these are clouds convection

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and precipitation

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aerosols

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mass change

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surface biology and geology

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and surface deformation and change

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and these are

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critical components to measure in even

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greater detail than we've done in the

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past in order to better understand and

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predict the impacts of climate change

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and answer questions about our earth

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system

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that we've never been able to answer

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before

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so what is unique about the earth system

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observatory is that in the past nasa

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missions have been built around

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the science question

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in the case of the earth system

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observatory it's being built not only to

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address science but also applications

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and open science and what do i mean by

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applications in open science

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applications refers to

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applying the data and the science for

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decision making so for example how can

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we use soil moisture information to

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inform farmers on when is the optimal

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time to plant their crops

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and then open science is open sharing of

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data

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methods algorithms software

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results just general knowledge not only

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within the scientific community but with

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the wider

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so this set of satellites will each have

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a different set of observing

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capabilities like aerosols and clouds

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why is it important to understand

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so let's start with aerosols they are

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one of the most important and still

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uncertain elements of the climate system

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and a better understanding of aerosols

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and how they affect the global energy

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balance will help better understand

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climate variability and change as well

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as air quality and weather

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so

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the atmosphere that have a profound

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effect on our environment and these

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particles can come from natural

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processes such as sea spray or

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dust or fires

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but a large source comes from human

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activities from fossil fuel burning

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and aerosols influence climate and

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weather in two main ways

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so first they can reflect or absorb the

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sun's energy influencing the temperature

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not only in the atmosphere but on the

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surface as well

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and then second they can act as seeds

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for cloud formation affecting the way

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that clouds form and the amount of rain

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that falls from those clouds

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and clouds and rainfall can be quite

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different in polluted areas as opposed

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to clean areas

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aerosols are also pollutants and they

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affect air quality and if inhaled some

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aerosols can have a harmful effect on

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people's health especially the really

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tiny particles

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so let's bring up the next animation

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00:12:23,750 --> 00:12:21,440
please

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00:12:26,069 --> 00:12:23,760
this animation shows the global

298
00:12:28,069 --> 00:12:26,079
distribution of aerosols in the second

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00:12:30,389 --> 00:12:28,079
half of 2019

300
00:12:32,310 --> 00:12:30,399
and note a couple things note the dust

301
00:12:34,790 --> 00:12:32,320
blowing from west africa across the

302
00:12:37,590 --> 00:12:34,800
atlantic in brown

303
00:12:41,110 --> 00:12:37,600
note the smoke from wildfires especially

304
00:12:45,030 --> 00:12:41,120
in australia this was a particularly

305
00:12:47,030 --> 00:12:45,040
intense wildfire season in australia

306
00:12:49,350 --> 00:12:47,040
and those are in bread and then sea salt

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00:12:50,870 --> 00:12:49,360
in blue and sulfates in purple for

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00:12:51,750 --> 00:12:50,880
example

309
00:12:54,150 --> 00:12:51,760
and

310
00:12:56,870 --> 00:12:54,160
note how some of these aerosols are

311
00:12:58,069 --> 00:12:56,880
transported really long distances across

312
00:13:00,230 --> 00:12:58,079
our planets

313
00:13:03,350 --> 00:13:00,240
and i'll focus on one of them

314
00:13:06,389 --> 00:13:03,360
which is black carbon it's also known as

315
00:13:08,389 --> 00:13:06,399
suit and this is emitted from fires and

316
00:13:10,389 --> 00:13:08,399
it can amplify warming because these

317
00:13:12,230 --> 00:13:10,399
particles are dark and they absorb the

318
00:13:14,389 --> 00:13:12,240
sun's energy

319
00:13:16,150 --> 00:13:14,399
another issue with these particles is

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00:13:18,069 --> 00:13:16,160
that they get distributed around the

321
00:13:21,110 --> 00:13:18,079
planets and

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00:13:23,430 --> 00:13:21,120
you find them in the extreme latitudes

323
00:13:25,350 --> 00:13:23,440
in the northern high latitudes southern

324
00:13:26,230 --> 00:13:25,360
uh high latitudes and

325
00:13:27,750 --> 00:13:26,240
and

326
00:13:30,230 --> 00:13:27,760
what happens is

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00:13:32,710 --> 00:13:30,240
they create this dark layer on top of

328
00:13:35,030 --> 00:13:32,720
either snow or ice causing

329
00:13:37,030 --> 00:13:35,040
snow or eyes to not only melt earlier

330
00:13:38,870 --> 00:13:37,040
but melt faster

331
00:13:40,870 --> 00:13:38,880
so a better understanding of how

332
00:13:43,030 --> 00:13:40,880
aerosols affect the global energy

333
00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:43,040
balance will help better predict climate

334
00:13:46,710 --> 00:13:44,800
change for sure

335
00:13:48,710 --> 00:13:46,720
and then clouds

336
00:13:50,949 --> 00:13:48,720
they're one of the biggest challenges in

337
00:13:53,509 --> 00:13:50,959
the climate change puzzle

338
00:13:56,230 --> 00:13:53,519
they're very dynamic and they can either

339
00:13:58,870 --> 00:13:56,240
act like an umbrella by reflecting

340
00:14:00,790 --> 00:13:58,880
sunlight away from the planet's surface

341
00:14:03,430 --> 00:14:00,800
and back into space

342
00:14:05,829 --> 00:14:03,440
or they can also act like a an

343
00:14:08,550 --> 00:14:05,839
insulating blanket so warming the earth

344
00:14:11,590 --> 00:14:08,560
by preventing some of the heat in the

345
00:14:15,030 --> 00:14:11,600
atmosphere to escape back to space

346
00:14:17,269 --> 00:14:15,040
and the blanket effect is especially

347
00:14:20,230 --> 00:14:17,279
noticeable during the winters when

348
00:14:22,710 --> 00:14:20,240
cloudy nights are typically much warmer

349
00:14:25,590 --> 00:14:22,720
than cloud-free ones

350
00:14:27,990 --> 00:14:25,600
and global warming is already causing

351
00:14:30,949 --> 00:14:28,000
and will continue to cause changes in

352
00:14:32,870 --> 00:14:30,959
the amount of cloud cover

353
00:14:34,310 --> 00:14:32,880
and the height and thickness of the

354
00:14:36,389 --> 00:14:34,320
clouds

355
00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:36,399
shifting that balance between the

356
00:14:40,230 --> 00:14:38,720
umbrella and the blanket effects that

357
00:14:42,470 --> 00:14:40,240
clouds have

358
00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:42,480
and small changes in cloud properties

359
00:14:46,470 --> 00:14:44,880
can have significant implications for

360
00:14:48,470 --> 00:14:46,480
global temperature

361
00:14:51,030 --> 00:14:48,480
so better understanding clouds

362
00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:51,040
convection and precipitation

363
00:14:54,310 --> 00:14:52,480
helps tackle

364
00:14:56,629 --> 00:14:54,320
really the largest sources of

365
00:14:58,470 --> 00:14:56,639
uncertainty in future projections of

366
00:15:00,629 --> 00:14:58,480
climate change

367
00:15:03,590 --> 00:15:00,639
and air quality forecasting as well as

368
00:15:06,470 --> 00:15:03,600
prediction of severe weather

369
00:15:08,790 --> 00:15:06,480
and the satellites of these

370
00:15:10,470 --> 00:15:08,800
what we call the accp so those are the

371
00:15:12,710 --> 00:15:10,480
aerosols clouds convection and

372
00:15:15,430 --> 00:15:12,720
precipitation will pick up where

373
00:15:17,590 --> 00:15:15,440
previous ones have left off but with

374
00:15:19,990 --> 00:15:17,600
even more precise measurements so for

375
00:15:22,790 --> 00:15:20,000
example they'll be able to reach closer

376
00:15:25,110 --> 00:15:22,800
to the planet's surface to quantiz

377
00:15:27,670 --> 00:15:25,120
better quantify things like

378
00:15:32,150 --> 00:15:27,680
low and high cloud feedbacks or identify

379
00:15:37,030 --> 00:15:34,710
so the accp missions will give us an

380
00:15:38,470 --> 00:15:37,040
even clearer look but can you give us

381
00:15:40,790 --> 00:15:38,480
can you tell us some of the other

382
00:15:42,949 --> 00:15:40,800
observing capabilities for instance why

383
00:15:45,670 --> 00:15:42,959
is it important to study surface biology

384
00:15:48,069 --> 00:15:45,680
and geology

385
00:15:50,629 --> 00:15:48,079
it's important because we want to know

386
00:15:52,629 --> 00:15:50,639
what is on the surface of the planet and

387
00:15:54,470 --> 00:15:52,639
understand how things are changing and

388
00:15:55,829 --> 00:15:54,480
how things react under certain

389
00:15:58,870 --> 00:15:55,839
conditions

390
00:16:01,509 --> 00:15:58,880
jpl is already working on a satellite

391
00:16:04,790 --> 00:16:01,519
mission to measure surface biology and

392
00:16:06,790 --> 00:16:04,800
geology and this mission will have an

393
00:16:09,509 --> 00:16:06,800
imaging a high resolution imaging

394
00:16:12,069 --> 00:16:09,519
spectrometer that will subdivide

395
00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:12,079
reflected light into more than

396
00:16:18,389 --> 00:16:14,800
400 wavelengths channels

397
00:16:20,790 --> 00:16:18,399
across the visible and infrared and

398
00:16:22,949 --> 00:16:20,800
it's going to be very sensitive to very

399
00:16:25,110 --> 00:16:22,959
specific features and characteristics of

400
00:16:26,790 --> 00:16:25,120
the surface so can you please bring up

401
00:16:29,189 --> 00:16:26,800
the next slide

402
00:16:31,910 --> 00:16:29,199
for example by measuring the intensity

403
00:16:34,710 --> 00:16:31,920
of green chlorophyll from plants or

404
00:16:36,629 --> 00:16:34,720
detecting characteristics of a given

405
00:16:39,110 --> 00:16:36,639
disease on a plant

406
00:16:41,910 --> 00:16:39,120
researchers will be able to evaluate the

407
00:16:43,910 --> 00:16:41,920
health of forested and agricultural

408
00:16:44,949 --> 00:16:43,920
ecosystems

409
00:16:47,430 --> 00:16:44,959
or

410
00:16:50,069 --> 00:16:47,440
by being able to identify invasive

411
00:16:53,910 --> 00:16:50,079
vegetation species researchers can

412
00:16:56,069 --> 00:16:53,920
assess biodiversity loss in a given area

413
00:16:58,710 --> 00:16:56,079
it will also allow for mapping of

414
00:17:01,590 --> 00:16:58,720
different coral and algae species and

415
00:17:02,870 --> 00:17:01,600
characterize the reflectivity of snow

416
00:17:03,670 --> 00:17:02,880
and ice

417
00:17:05,909 --> 00:17:03,680
and

418
00:17:07,750 --> 00:17:05,919
it will also have a thermal radiometer

419
00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:07,760
so i talked about the heat being emitted

420
00:17:11,590 --> 00:17:10,000
from the planet and this thermal

421
00:17:15,110 --> 00:17:11,600
radiometer can be used for many

422
00:17:17,750 --> 00:17:15,120
different things including detecting the

423
00:17:18,390 --> 00:17:17,760
temperature of leaves for example so

424
00:17:21,270 --> 00:17:18,400
when

425
00:17:23,590 --> 00:17:21,280
plants are run short of water

426
00:17:26,069 --> 00:17:23,600
their temperature changes and scientists

427
00:17:27,270 --> 00:17:26,079
are able to identify if the vegetation

428
00:17:29,510 --> 00:17:27,280
is stressed

429
00:17:31,830 --> 00:17:29,520
and in addition thermal data can also

430
00:17:35,029 --> 00:17:31,840
provide information about heat from

431
00:17:39,110 --> 00:17:35,039
wildfires volcanoes and help keep track

432
00:17:43,750 --> 00:17:41,110
so erica another focus you mentioned

433
00:17:47,669 --> 00:17:43,760
earlier is mass change so what can mass

434
00:17:49,510 --> 00:17:47,679
change tell us about earth

435
00:17:52,230 --> 00:17:49,520
mass change

436
00:17:53,590 --> 00:17:52,240
as you know has to do with large scale

437
00:17:54,950 --> 00:17:53,600
changes

438
00:18:01,190 --> 00:17:54,960
and

439
00:18:04,310 --> 00:18:01,200
loss of ice due to melting or to loss of

440
00:18:06,070 --> 00:18:04,320
water from underground aquifers due to

441
00:18:07,029 --> 00:18:06,080
increased consumption

442
00:18:11,669 --> 00:18:07,039
or

443
00:18:14,870 --> 00:18:11,679
so detecting mass change

444
00:18:17,510 --> 00:18:14,880
is important because it tells us that

445
00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:17,520
something significant is happening

446
00:18:22,070 --> 00:18:19,440
and we know that some of these

447
00:18:25,029 --> 00:18:22,080
significant changes are not going to

448
00:18:27,590 --> 00:18:25,039
recover quickly from these huge losses

449
00:18:30,710 --> 00:18:27,600
of ice or water and so we want to keep

450
00:18:32,310 --> 00:18:30,720
track of this large change and what is

451
00:18:35,990 --> 00:18:32,320
driving it

452
00:18:37,990 --> 00:18:36,000
and nasa has been monitoring mass change

453
00:18:40,390 --> 00:18:38,000
with a series of satellite missions

454
00:18:43,350 --> 00:18:40,400
called grace and grace follow-on

455
00:18:46,789 --> 00:18:43,360
and these satellites were developed in

456
00:18:49,590 --> 00:18:46,799
collaboration between jpl and the german

457
00:18:51,430 --> 00:18:49,600
space agency and the geo research center

458
00:18:53,110 --> 00:18:51,440
in germany so

459
00:18:55,750 --> 00:18:53,120
these missions

460
00:18:58,390 --> 00:18:55,760
measure the gravity field of the earth

461
00:19:01,830 --> 00:18:58,400
and that's shown in this next video

462
00:19:03,909 --> 00:19:01,840
um note how that gravity field varies

463
00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:03,919
across the planet and that depends on

464
00:19:08,630 --> 00:19:06,080
the mass so areas that have like

465
00:19:10,470 --> 00:19:08,640
mountains or a lot of mass the gravity

466
00:19:12,710 --> 00:19:10,480
field will be

467
00:19:13,510 --> 00:19:12,720
will be large in those areas

468
00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:13,520
so

469
00:19:17,270 --> 00:19:15,840
to measure this from space which is

470
00:19:20,950 --> 00:19:17,280
really amazing

471
00:19:23,830 --> 00:19:20,960
um the technology used is to have two

472
00:19:25,590 --> 00:19:23,840
satellites flying in tandem about 220

473
00:19:28,230 --> 00:19:25,600
kilometers apart

474
00:19:30,150 --> 00:19:28,240
and these satellites calculate

475
00:19:33,270 --> 00:19:30,160
very small changes in the earth's

476
00:19:35,590 --> 00:19:33,280
gravity by measuring differences

477
00:19:37,750 --> 00:19:35,600
in the distance between them right

478
00:19:40,470 --> 00:19:37,760
between those two satellites so as the

479
00:19:43,270 --> 00:19:40,480
lead satellite passes over an area

480
00:19:45,909 --> 00:19:43,280
of earth of slightly stronger gravity so

481
00:19:48,470 --> 00:19:45,919
let's say it's passing over greenland

482
00:19:52,230 --> 00:19:48,480
which has these it has a large mass it

483
00:19:54,710 --> 00:19:52,240
has kilometers of frozen ice

484
00:19:56,470 --> 00:19:54,720
that satellite detects an increased

485
00:19:58,950 --> 00:19:56,480
gravitational pull

486
00:20:01,270 --> 00:19:58,960
and so it will speed up a little bit

487
00:20:03,430 --> 00:20:01,280
just a little bit and it will increase

488
00:20:07,029 --> 00:20:03,440
that distance between

489
00:20:09,430 --> 00:20:07,039
the satellites is going to increase and

490
00:20:11,590 --> 00:20:09,440
that is a very small distance but it's

491
00:20:13,990 --> 00:20:11,600
measured by the satellite that's

492
00:20:15,990 --> 00:20:14,000
trailing it and that distance is on the

493
00:20:19,430 --> 00:20:16,000
order of a tenth

494
00:20:21,110 --> 00:20:19,440
of the width of a human hair

495
00:20:23,430 --> 00:20:21,120
so it's really it's really amazing

496
00:20:25,190 --> 00:20:23,440
technology and if the earth's mass of

497
00:20:27,990 --> 00:20:25,200
course doesn't change then that

498
00:20:30,710 --> 00:20:28,000
gravitational pull would be the same for

499
00:20:32,710 --> 00:20:30,720
different areas of earth but when a

500
00:20:35,990 --> 00:20:32,720
large change occurs

501
00:20:39,909 --> 00:20:36,000
then that gravitational pull changes and

502
00:20:42,390 --> 00:20:39,919
this next video shows ice loss measured

503
00:20:46,830 --> 00:20:42,400
in greenland and antarctica

504
00:20:50,549 --> 00:20:46,840
on a monthly monthly basis from 2002 to

505
00:20:52,950 --> 00:20:50,559
2021 as measured with grace and grace

506
00:20:56,070 --> 00:20:52,960
follow-on and we're talking about

507
00:20:59,909 --> 00:20:56,080
significant losses of ice both in these

508
00:21:03,190 --> 00:20:59,919
giants of stored ice on the order of 277

509
00:21:05,750 --> 00:21:03,200
gigatons for greenland per year

510
00:21:08,230 --> 00:21:05,760
and 151 gigatons

511
00:21:10,470 --> 00:21:08,240
for antarctica per year

512
00:21:14,310 --> 00:21:10,480
and one thing to note is that these

513
00:21:17,029 --> 00:21:14,320
observations started in 2002 so recently

514
00:21:18,630 --> 00:21:17,039
celebrating 20 years of gravity field

515
00:21:21,270 --> 00:21:18,640
measurements

516
00:21:23,430 --> 00:21:21,280
now the earth system observatory mass

517
00:21:25,909 --> 00:21:23,440
change satellite will be a continuation

518
00:21:27,830 --> 00:21:25,919
of grace follow-on but with improved

519
00:21:29,590 --> 00:21:27,840
capabilities to measure the earth's

520
00:21:31,909 --> 00:21:29,600
gravitational field

521
00:21:33,750 --> 00:21:31,919
and this information will of course

522
00:21:35,510 --> 00:21:33,760
continue to inform

523
00:21:36,950 --> 00:21:35,520
not only on the impacts of climate

524
00:21:39,909 --> 00:21:36,960
change on ice melts and their

525
00:21:42,149 --> 00:21:39,919
contribution to sea level rise but to

526
00:21:44,390 --> 00:21:42,159
continue to support things like drought

527
00:21:49,190 --> 00:21:44,400
assessment and forecasting and

528
00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:51,430
you know now we all know it is important

529
00:21:56,070 --> 00:21:53,280
to study clouds and aerosols surface

530
00:21:58,549 --> 00:21:56,080
biology and geology and mass change but

531
00:22:00,470 --> 00:21:58,559
let's make sure we hit all five today so

532
00:22:02,870 --> 00:22:00,480
how is the earth system observatory

533
00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:02,880
going to study surface deformation and

534
00:22:11,029 --> 00:22:08,390
so surface deformation refers to changes

535
00:22:13,510 --> 00:22:11,039
in the elevation of the surface and the

536
00:22:16,070 --> 00:22:13,520
first satellites that will be launched

537
00:22:18,149 --> 00:22:16,080
as part of the earth system observatory

538
00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:18,159
uh will be able to measure surface

539
00:22:23,830 --> 00:22:21,600
deformation and change and it's a jpl

540
00:22:25,750 --> 00:22:23,840
satellite called nysar and this

541
00:22:27,110 --> 00:22:25,760
satellite is actually a collaboration

542
00:22:29,510 --> 00:22:27,120
between

543
00:22:32,390 --> 00:22:29,520
nasa and the indian space agency so

544
00:22:35,029 --> 00:22:32,400
nysar stands for nasa isro which is the

545
00:22:37,510 --> 00:22:35,039
indian space agency and sar the last

546
00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:37,520
three letters stand for synthetic

547
00:22:41,350 --> 00:22:39,200
aperture radar which is a type of

548
00:22:42,549 --> 00:22:41,360
instrument on the satellite

549
00:22:44,630 --> 00:22:42,559
and

550
00:22:48,310 --> 00:22:44,640
this satellite is scheduled to be

551
00:22:51,350 --> 00:22:48,320
launched in 2024 so this next animation

552
00:22:57,669 --> 00:22:51,360
shows the deployment of nysar and how

553
00:23:02,149 --> 00:22:59,669
so one thing about nyser i talked about

554
00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:02,159
synthetic aperture radar it uses radar

555
00:23:05,830 --> 00:23:04,640
technology which is analogous to an

556
00:23:08,149 --> 00:23:05,840
ultrasound

557
00:23:09,430 --> 00:23:08,159
and the signal can penetrate through

558
00:23:11,830 --> 00:23:09,440
clouds

559
00:23:13,430 --> 00:23:11,840
allowing us to observe the surface of

560
00:23:16,149 --> 00:23:13,440
the earth

561
00:23:18,950 --> 00:23:16,159
regardless of almost any type of weather

562
00:23:20,710 --> 00:23:18,960
condition and regardless of whether it's

563
00:23:23,430 --> 00:23:20,720
day or night so these type of

564
00:23:25,590 --> 00:23:23,440
measurements are really useful for areas

565
00:23:28,149 --> 00:23:25,600
that are continually continuously cloud

566
00:23:30,950 --> 00:23:28,159
covered or areas in the

567
00:23:33,350 --> 00:23:30,960
high latitudes where it's often or a

568
00:23:35,430 --> 00:23:33,360
large part of the year it's dark

569
00:23:38,149 --> 00:23:35,440
and by measuring

570
00:23:40,549 --> 00:23:38,159
the sensor measures small changes in the

571
00:23:42,470 --> 00:23:40,559
signal received at different times

572
00:23:44,310 --> 00:23:42,480
and

573
00:23:46,230 --> 00:23:44,320
we can measure by measuring the small

574
00:23:47,590 --> 00:23:46,240
changes we can measure displacement in

575
00:23:49,110 --> 00:23:47,600
the earth's surface

576
00:23:51,590 --> 00:23:49,120
believe it or not

577
00:23:53,909 --> 00:23:51,600
on the order of centimeters and this

578
00:23:56,470 --> 00:23:53,919
sort of information on a regular basis

579
00:23:59,430 --> 00:23:56,480
can help inform on many things

580
00:24:01,590 --> 00:23:59,440
so the next slide it shows uh an example

581
00:24:03,269 --> 00:24:01,600
of things that this type of information

582
00:24:06,149 --> 00:24:03,279
can be used for

583
00:24:08,950 --> 00:24:06,159
in this case identify the discharge

584
00:24:10,149 --> 00:24:08,960
and recharge of local groundwater

585
00:24:12,950 --> 00:24:10,159
so this

586
00:24:15,029 --> 00:24:12,960
animation shows the los angeles basin

587
00:24:17,029 --> 00:24:15,039
and the color indicates the surface

588
00:24:20,070 --> 00:24:17,039
level of the basin

589
00:24:23,430 --> 00:24:20,080
or the elevation of the surface going up

590
00:24:26,310 --> 00:24:23,440
and down as groundwater is extracted and

591
00:24:28,310 --> 00:24:26,320
recharged on a seasonal basis

592
00:24:31,430 --> 00:24:28,320
so when groundwater is extracted from

593
00:24:33,830 --> 00:24:31,440
the basin that surface sinks around two

594
00:24:35,590 --> 00:24:33,840
to two and a half centimeters which is

595
00:24:37,830 --> 00:24:35,600
indicated by the

596
00:24:39,990 --> 00:24:37,840
light and dark blue colors

597
00:24:41,909 --> 00:24:40,000
and in the winter when the groundwater

598
00:24:45,269 --> 00:24:41,919
is recharged due to

599
00:24:48,149 --> 00:24:45,279
people or naturally then that surface

600
00:24:50,390 --> 00:24:48,159
rises on the order of two to

601
00:24:51,430 --> 00:24:50,400
two and a half centimeters or about one

602
00:24:56,789 --> 00:24:51,440
inch

603
00:24:58,950 --> 00:24:56,799
you it's it's about the diameter of a

604
00:25:01,029 --> 00:24:58,960
quarter a us quarter

605
00:25:03,350 --> 00:25:01,039
yes quite it's not quite one inch but

606
00:25:06,549 --> 00:25:03,360
that's more or less what we're measuring

607
00:25:08,310 --> 00:25:06,559
in terms of the surface rising and uh

608
00:25:09,750 --> 00:25:08,320
the surface sinking

609
00:25:12,549 --> 00:25:09,760
in this case

610
00:25:16,310 --> 00:25:12,559
so and and the rise of the surface is

611
00:25:19,029 --> 00:25:16,320
shown by the red and yellow colors

612
00:25:21,269 --> 00:25:19,039
and as you can imagine this type of

613
00:25:23,750 --> 00:25:21,279
measurement

614
00:25:26,710 --> 00:25:23,760
can be related to the motion

615
00:25:30,470 --> 00:25:26,720
or can be used to study other things

616
00:25:33,430 --> 00:25:30,480
such as the motion of the tectonic

617
00:25:35,590 --> 00:25:33,440
plates on the planet on our planet due

618
00:25:36,950 --> 00:25:35,600
to earthquakes for example

619
00:25:40,070 --> 00:25:36,960
or

620
00:25:42,630 --> 00:25:40,080
we can look at motion of volcanoes as

621
00:25:45,590 --> 00:25:42,640
pressure around them builds up

622
00:25:48,789 --> 00:25:45,600
or it can be used to identify areas at

623
00:25:50,870 --> 00:25:48,799
risk for landslides when there are small

624
00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:50,880
changes or small movements in the

625
00:25:55,110 --> 00:25:52,240
surface

626
00:25:57,909 --> 00:25:55,120
that lead up to a large landslide

627
00:26:00,870 --> 00:25:57,919
or it can also be used to look at single

628
00:26:03,269 --> 00:26:00,880
glaciers and how they are changing

629
00:26:05,830 --> 00:26:03,279
so in addition through a different

630
00:26:06,870 --> 00:26:05,840
technique these radar sensors can also

631
00:26:09,269 --> 00:26:06,880
measure

632
00:26:10,390 --> 00:26:09,279
changes in the land surface related to

633
00:26:13,110 --> 00:26:10,400
water so

634
00:26:16,230 --> 00:26:13,120
surface water or soil moisture and also

635
00:26:19,430 --> 00:26:16,240
to ecosystems like changes in biomass or

636
00:26:22,549 --> 00:26:19,440
agriculture or wetland ecosystems

637
00:26:26,070 --> 00:26:22,559
so this type of information supports

638
00:26:29,029 --> 00:26:26,080
water and and forest resources agencies

639
00:26:34,310 --> 00:26:29,039
uh disaster management and response

640
00:26:38,870 --> 00:26:36,230
the observatory sounds like it will give

641
00:26:41,029 --> 00:26:38,880
us an even clearer picture of what's

642
00:26:43,190 --> 00:26:41,039
really going on with our planet so tell

643
00:26:45,029 --> 00:26:43,200
us why is this research so important to

644
00:26:49,350 --> 00:26:45,039
us

645
00:26:52,310 --> 00:26:49,360
it's a capability that helps

646
00:26:55,190 --> 00:26:52,320
keep us informed about what is happening

647
00:26:56,710 --> 00:26:55,200
so understanding earth processes and our

648
00:26:59,430 --> 00:26:56,720
changing planets

649
00:27:01,110 --> 00:26:59,440
help inform on mitigation and adaptation

650
00:27:04,070 --> 00:27:01,120
strategies and

651
00:27:06,789 --> 00:27:04,080
in disaster assessment and respond but

652
00:27:09,269 --> 00:27:06,799
our health is in inextricably linked to

653
00:27:11,590 --> 00:27:09,279
the health of the planet and ultimately

654
00:27:13,029 --> 00:27:11,600
we need to be able to grow food we need

655
00:27:15,510 --> 00:27:13,039
to be able to

656
00:27:18,630 --> 00:27:15,520
breathe clean air and we need to be able

657
00:27:20,389 --> 00:27:18,640
to have access to fresh clean water so

658
00:27:22,870 --> 00:27:20,399
it's critical for us to know these

659
00:27:25,510 --> 00:27:22,880
things because we depend on them for our

660
00:27:29,669 --> 00:27:27,669
okay so we know this is important for

661
00:27:31,269 --> 00:27:29,679
understanding our planet but how did you

662
00:27:32,830 --> 00:27:31,279
get involved in this and why is it

663
00:27:36,710 --> 00:27:32,840
important to

664
00:27:39,430 --> 00:27:36,720
you so i developed a deep love

665
00:27:41,830 --> 00:27:39,440
connection and curiosity for our natural

666
00:27:43,990 --> 00:27:41,840
environment from a very young age i grew

667
00:27:46,870 --> 00:27:44,000
up in panama which is a country with

668
00:27:50,070 --> 00:27:46,880
just lush tropical rainforest beautiful

669
00:27:52,470 --> 00:27:50,080
nature and my family

670
00:27:55,430 --> 00:27:52,480
loved the outdoors every weekend without

671
00:27:58,389 --> 00:27:55,440
exception pretty much we were outdoors

672
00:28:00,230 --> 00:27:58,399
either camping or fishing or or hiking

673
00:28:02,950 --> 00:28:00,240
or just simply exploring

674
00:28:04,789 --> 00:28:02,960
and a good part of my weekends were

675
00:28:07,110 --> 00:28:04,799
spent in a place called gatun lake and

676
00:28:10,070 --> 00:28:07,120
this is a lake in the panama canal it's

677
00:28:12,389 --> 00:28:10,080
a manmade lake made for the transits of

678
00:28:14,070 --> 00:28:12,399
ships from ocean to ocean this is a

679
00:28:18,950 --> 00:28:14,080
pretty big lake

680
00:28:20,549 --> 00:28:18,960
um and in in the first slide that you

681
00:28:22,630 --> 00:28:20,559
can probably you see some of the

682
00:28:24,710 --> 00:28:22,640
activities that i was involved with uh

683
00:28:27,350 --> 00:28:24,720
exploring and

684
00:28:28,310 --> 00:28:27,360
in and one of them is in a boat so in

685
00:28:30,549 --> 00:28:28,320
this

686
00:28:32,870 --> 00:28:30,559
lake there were many rivers and creeks

687
00:28:35,590 --> 00:28:32,880
that would flow into this lake

688
00:28:37,510 --> 00:28:35,600
and the next slide shows a better

689
00:28:39,830 --> 00:28:37,520
picture of the boat and my parents in

690
00:28:41,830 --> 00:28:39,840
the boat was a small aluminum boat that

691
00:28:44,470 --> 00:28:41,840
my father had and he would love to take

692
00:28:45,430 --> 00:28:44,480
us exploring up these small creeks

693
00:28:51,669 --> 00:28:45,440
and

694
00:28:53,110 --> 00:28:51,679
just

695
00:28:55,029 --> 00:28:53,120
within minutes

696
00:28:56,950 --> 00:28:55,039
the forest would come alive and these

697
00:28:59,269 --> 00:28:56,960
creeks were so small they were covered

698
00:29:00,710 --> 00:28:59,279
by trees there was

699
00:29:03,990 --> 00:29:00,720
these are some of the most vivid

700
00:29:06,230 --> 00:29:04,000
memories i have of my early years it was

701
00:29:09,029 --> 00:29:06,240
amazing just the sounds of the forest

702
00:29:11,750 --> 00:29:09,039
and seeing small animals

703
00:29:12,870 --> 00:29:11,760
just come out

704
00:29:15,430 --> 00:29:12,880
and

705
00:29:17,430 --> 00:29:15,440
really what i do now is an extension of

706
00:29:19,750 --> 00:29:17,440
what i did back then which was

707
00:29:21,909 --> 00:29:19,760
observing nature i do it now from a

708
00:29:22,789 --> 00:29:21,919
different perspective from from space

709
00:29:24,470 --> 00:29:22,799
but

710
00:29:25,510 --> 00:29:24,480
ultimately this is important to me

711
00:29:27,669 --> 00:29:25,520
because

712
00:29:28,470 --> 00:29:27,679
every once in a while i do close my eyes

713
00:29:30,789 --> 00:29:28,480
and

714
00:29:33,430 --> 00:29:30,799
i am

715
00:29:34,389 --> 00:29:33,440
transported to those places that were so

716
00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:34,399
special

717
00:29:42,149 --> 00:29:40,549
i mean your your connection to the

718
00:29:45,029 --> 00:29:42,159
subject and everything you told us

719
00:29:47,110 --> 00:29:45,039
tonight this is all just amazing i know

720
00:29:49,669 --> 00:29:47,120
the audience has got a ton of questions

721
00:29:51,590 --> 00:29:49,679
for us so i want to take some time to do

722
00:29:53,430 --> 00:29:51,600
some q a lindsay what are they asking

723
00:29:55,510 --> 00:29:53,440
out there tonight

724
00:29:57,750 --> 00:29:55,520
thanks nikki erica everyone is so

725
00:29:59,430 --> 00:29:57,760
engaged and excited to hear you talk

726
00:30:02,710 --> 00:29:59,440
about our earth and the earth systems

727
00:30:05,350 --> 00:30:02,720
observatory so thomas from facebook asks

728
00:30:07,669 --> 00:30:05,360
which subject or specific topic do you

729
00:30:09,909 --> 00:30:07,679
find most important for the advancement

730
00:30:12,230 --> 00:30:09,919
of earth surveys and technology for

731
00:30:15,350 --> 00:30:12,240
example environmental science geology or

732
00:30:19,590 --> 00:30:17,750
wow that's a great question from thomas

733
00:30:21,909 --> 00:30:19,600
i think that they are all important i

734
00:30:23,190 --> 00:30:21,919
can't put my finger on a single thing

735
00:30:25,430 --> 00:30:23,200
because now

736
00:30:27,389 --> 00:30:25,440
our our natural environment and the

737
00:30:29,830 --> 00:30:27,399
study of our natural environment is so

738
00:30:32,389 --> 00:30:29,840
interdisciplinary and even the studies

739
00:30:35,990 --> 00:30:32,399
i'm involved with uh require many

740
00:30:39,029 --> 00:30:36,000
different experts to tackle a a given

741
00:30:43,510 --> 00:30:39,039
problem and so i work with

742
00:30:45,110 --> 00:30:43,520
people that are biologists ecologists

743
00:30:46,470 --> 00:30:45,120
geologists

744
00:30:49,269 --> 00:30:46,480
and and

745
00:30:51,190 --> 00:30:49,279
and you need all of this expertise to

746
00:30:54,630 --> 00:30:51,200
really understand

747
00:30:59,669 --> 00:30:57,029
great thank you erica also coming from

748
00:31:01,509 --> 00:30:59,679
facebook uh melanie would like to know

749
00:31:05,590 --> 00:31:01,519
where do you see the most dramatic

750
00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:07,430
the northern high latitudes are really

751
00:31:12,470 --> 00:31:09,600
ground zero for climate change those

752
00:31:14,149 --> 00:31:12,480
areas are warming about twice as fast as

753
00:31:16,950 --> 00:31:14,159
the rest of the planet

754
00:31:18,789 --> 00:31:16,960
so i would say the yes the most dramatic

755
00:31:22,149 --> 00:31:18,799
changes are

756
00:31:27,029 --> 00:31:25,269
great thank you alissa on linkedin asks

757
00:31:29,190 --> 00:31:27,039
what will happen to the satellites

758
00:31:32,549 --> 00:31:29,200
currently collecting information once

759
00:31:35,590 --> 00:31:32,559
the new observations a system isn't

760
00:31:41,669 --> 00:31:38,149
wow that's a great question so

761
00:31:43,110 --> 00:31:41,679
uh the satellites are built

762
00:31:44,870 --> 00:31:43,120
so that

763
00:31:46,789 --> 00:31:44,880
first of all there is some overlap

764
00:31:47,990 --> 00:31:46,799
between the current satellites and the

765
00:31:49,590 --> 00:31:48,000
new satellites so you can

766
00:31:51,110 --> 00:31:49,600
cross-calibrate

767
00:31:54,149 --> 00:31:51,120
and also

768
00:31:56,470 --> 00:31:54,159
they're built to have enough fuel to

769
00:31:58,389 --> 00:31:56,480
push them down to a lower orbit so that

770
00:32:00,389 --> 00:31:58,399
in a few years they

771
00:32:02,470 --> 00:32:00,399
just naturally

772
00:32:04,549 --> 00:32:02,480
burn up through the

773
00:32:07,430 --> 00:32:04,559
earth's atmosphere so

774
00:32:09,190 --> 00:32:07,440
rather than staying up there for

775
00:32:14,230 --> 00:32:09,200
tens and tens of years depending on

776
00:32:18,470 --> 00:32:16,149
thanks erica

777
00:32:21,190 --> 00:32:18,480
ben on linkedin would like to know

778
00:32:23,509 --> 00:32:21,200
how long does it take to compile a 3d

779
00:32:28,870 --> 00:32:23,519
snapshot of the earth in a moment of

780
00:32:33,190 --> 00:32:31,430
wow okay that's a

781
00:32:34,870 --> 00:32:33,200
another really great question so when

782
00:32:35,830 --> 00:32:34,880
you say 3d

783
00:32:38,549 --> 00:32:35,840
um

784
00:32:39,990 --> 00:32:38,559
so there's there's 3d from

785
00:32:41,430 --> 00:32:40,000
compiling information about the

786
00:32:43,669 --> 00:32:41,440
atmosphere and what i talked about the

787
00:32:45,590 --> 00:32:43,679
surface and underneath the surface not

788
00:32:48,549 --> 00:32:45,600
sure if you mean that or if you mean

789
00:32:50,630 --> 00:32:48,559
like surface deformation where we're

790
00:32:53,269 --> 00:32:50,640
kind of looking at at the third

791
00:32:55,509 --> 00:32:53,279
dimension right this this movement of

792
00:32:58,789 --> 00:32:55,519
the surface

793
00:33:00,549 --> 00:32:58,799
i'll refer to that um so that's done

794
00:33:02,630 --> 00:33:00,559
through a technique called

795
00:33:05,110 --> 00:33:02,640
uh interferometric synthetic aperture

796
00:33:06,950 --> 00:33:05,120
radar and that takes quite a bit of

797
00:33:10,630 --> 00:33:06,960
processing there's software up there out

798
00:33:14,070 --> 00:33:10,640
there to do it um and uh

799
00:33:16,549 --> 00:33:14,080
i i think in a couple of

800
00:33:19,029 --> 00:33:16,559
minutes once you have everything kind of

801
00:33:21,029 --> 00:33:19,039
processed you can generate these

802
00:33:24,149 --> 00:33:21,039
interferome interf what they're called

803
00:33:26,630 --> 00:33:24,159
interferograms uh in a couple of minutes

804
00:33:29,269 --> 00:33:26,640
it's it's obviously going to depend on

805
00:33:31,190 --> 00:33:29,279
how many images you have and

806
00:33:32,230 --> 00:33:31,200
how large of an area you're looking at

807
00:33:33,669 --> 00:33:32,240
and

808
00:33:36,950 --> 00:33:33,679
what are the capabilities of your

809
00:33:42,470 --> 00:33:40,149
great thanks erica user satori mystic on

810
00:33:45,509 --> 00:33:42,480
youtube would like to know when will we

811
00:33:48,070 --> 00:33:45,519
be able to see a visualization of the

812
00:33:50,470 --> 00:33:48,080
actions and reactions of aquafire

813
00:33:52,710 --> 00:33:50,480
systems the effects of soil conditions

814
00:33:56,149 --> 00:33:52,720
plant growth and other such interrelated

815
00:34:02,549 --> 00:33:59,430
so you can already see the actions and

816
00:34:04,789 --> 00:34:02,559
reactions of aquifer systems in fact the

817
00:34:05,669 --> 00:34:04,799
grace and grace follow-on satellites

818
00:34:08,069 --> 00:34:05,679
have

819
00:34:09,270 --> 00:34:08,079
quite a bit of research there's quite a

820
00:34:11,030 --> 00:34:09,280
body of

821
00:34:12,310 --> 00:34:11,040
of research and

822
00:34:13,829 --> 00:34:12,320
and results

823
00:34:15,430 --> 00:34:13,839
showing

824
00:34:17,190 --> 00:34:15,440
aquifer

825
00:34:22,710 --> 00:34:17,200
depletion in different parts of the

826
00:34:28,389 --> 00:34:25,510
great thanks again erica um sanji on

827
00:34:32,629 --> 00:34:28,399
linkedin asks can we measure entropy to

828
00:34:38,149 --> 00:34:35,190
can we measure entropy to measure how

829
00:34:40,790 --> 00:34:38,159
climate change is that's a good question

830
00:34:43,829 --> 00:34:40,800
uh so entropy would be the the

831
00:34:44,790 --> 00:34:43,839
instability of things so things going

832
00:34:46,829 --> 00:34:44,800
from

833
00:34:49,030 --> 00:34:46,839
something being homogeneous to

834
00:34:50,310 --> 00:34:49,040
inhomogeneous and that would be

835
00:34:51,669 --> 00:34:50,320
different depending on what you're

836
00:34:52,470 --> 00:34:51,679
looking at

837
00:34:54,550 --> 00:34:52,480
so

838
00:34:57,990 --> 00:34:54,560
i'm not sure i can answer that

839
00:34:59,190 --> 00:34:58,000
i'll have to think about that one

840
00:35:01,349 --> 00:34:59,200
you know that's one of my favorite

841
00:35:03,670 --> 00:35:01,359
answers the i'm not sure because that's

842
00:35:05,670 --> 00:35:03,680
what scientists are asking every day

843
00:35:07,510 --> 00:35:05,680
as brian white always likes to say you

844
00:35:09,190 --> 00:35:07,520
know that's the best question the best

845
00:35:11,430 --> 00:35:09,200
answer is i don't know let me go find

846
00:35:13,430 --> 00:35:11,440
out so this is going to be our last

847
00:35:15,510 --> 00:35:13,440
question of the evening so lindsey last

848
00:35:17,990 --> 00:35:15,520
question for us

849
00:35:20,069 --> 00:35:18,000
thanks nikki so erica alyssa will bring

850
00:35:22,790 --> 00:35:20,079
us home from linkedin and she wants to

851
00:35:25,030 --> 00:35:22,800
know in your opinion what is the most

852
00:35:27,670 --> 00:35:25,040
impressive observing capability for the

853
00:35:30,710 --> 00:35:27,680
new observation system and what data are

854
00:35:32,870 --> 00:35:30,720
you most excited to get back

855
00:35:36,069 --> 00:35:32,880
oh wow

856
00:35:39,270 --> 00:35:37,750
they're all amazing all of the

857
00:35:41,510 --> 00:35:39,280
technology that's used by these

858
00:35:44,470 --> 00:35:41,520
different satellites

859
00:35:46,870 --> 00:35:44,480
these new satellites is amazing

860
00:35:49,270 --> 00:35:46,880
however my heart is close to

861
00:35:52,390 --> 00:35:49,280
nysar because i am part of the nyser

862
00:35:56,950 --> 00:35:52,400
science team and so that's the one i am

863
00:36:00,550 --> 00:35:59,190
i know nysar is very near and dear to

864
00:36:02,630 --> 00:36:00,560
your heart and we are all looking

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forward to it so unfortunately that is

866
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all the time we have today for questions

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00:36:09,270 --> 00:36:06,720
i do want to thank our wonderful speaker

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dr erica podest for joining us to

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00:36:13,750 --> 00:36:11,359
discuss the earth system observatory and

870
00:36:16,150 --> 00:36:13,760
sharing all of your wonderful insights

871
00:36:18,630 --> 00:36:16,160
also thank you to our amazing questions

872
00:36:20,550 --> 00:36:18,640
co-host lindsay mclaurin and everyone

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00:36:21,829 --> 00:36:20,560
working behind the scenes to make this

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00:36:23,349 --> 00:36:21,839
possible

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00:36:25,510 --> 00:36:23,359
to all of you watching thank you for

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00:36:27,190 --> 00:36:25,520
taking the time to join us every month

877
00:36:29,430 --> 00:36:27,200
if you missed one or would like to

878
00:36:31,510 --> 00:36:29,440
revisit any of our von carmen talks from

879
00:36:34,310 --> 00:36:31,520
the past five years they are all

880
00:36:36,870 --> 00:36:34,320
available on jpl's youtube page and make

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00:36:38,829 --> 00:36:36,880
sure to join us next month for nustar

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00:36:41,510 --> 00:36:38,839
studying the universe in

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00:36:43,750 --> 00:36:41,520
x-ray stick around for a short video

884
00:36:46,310 --> 00:36:43,760
about the earth system observatory and

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00:36:51,270 --> 00:36:46,320
we will see you in may

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00:36:55,510 --> 00:36:53,589
as nasa prepares to send humans to the

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00:36:58,470 --> 00:36:55,520
moon and mars

888
00:37:01,910 --> 00:36:58,480
and pier even deeper into the universe

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00:37:03,320 --> 00:37:01,920
we turn with a renewed focus to our home

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planet of earth

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00:37:11,829 --> 00:37:09,510
the next generation of earth science

892
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begins with the new earth system

893
00:37:16,710 --> 00:37:14,800
observatory the core of the observatory

894
00:37:19,109 --> 00:37:16,720
is an array of five new satellite

895
00:37:21,270 --> 00:37:19,119
missions that will study the atmosphere

896
00:37:24,069 --> 00:37:21,280
the ground and even what's happening

897
00:37:26,470 --> 00:37:24,079
underneath the surface these spacecraft

898
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will look at the earth each one of them

899
00:37:32,069 --> 00:37:28,880
their own way and will integrate all the

900
00:37:35,030 --> 00:37:32,079
data in a common approach taken together

901
00:37:37,829 --> 00:37:35,040
as a single observatory we will have a

902
00:37:39,430 --> 00:37:37,839
complete three-dimensional understanding

903
00:37:42,069 --> 00:37:39,440
of our earth systems

904
00:37:45,510 --> 00:37:42,079
how they work together how one change

905
00:37:51,109 --> 00:37:48,550
it will watch our planet change driving

906
00:37:53,910 --> 00:37:51,119
solutions for better living managing

907
00:37:55,589 --> 00:37:53,920
water and food resources predicting

908
00:37:58,069 --> 00:37:55,599
natural hazards

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00:38:00,630 --> 00:37:58,079
coping with sea level rise in coastal

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00:38:04,390 --> 00:38:00,640
communities and heat islands in our

911
00:38:09,030 --> 00:38:07,270
every 10 years the best scientists

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00:38:10,790 --> 00:38:09,040
in the united states and worldwide come

913
00:38:13,750 --> 00:38:10,800
together and create a strategy with the

914
00:38:16,310 --> 00:38:13,760
cable strategy and it recommended that

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00:38:18,470 --> 00:38:16,320
we build missions that together form an

916
00:38:21,589 --> 00:38:18,480
earth system observatory we're going to

917
00:38:23,990 --> 00:38:21,599
be looking at processes at the micro

918
00:38:26,710 --> 00:38:24,000
physical scale at the large kind of

919
00:38:28,390 --> 00:38:26,720
convective scale that the at the smaller

920
00:38:31,349 --> 00:38:28,400
scale in the oceans and we're going to

921
00:38:33,829 --> 00:38:31,359
be investigating those pulling that out

922
00:38:35,589 --> 00:38:33,839
encapsulating that putting that into

923
00:38:38,230 --> 00:38:35,599
weather models and climate models and

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00:38:40,790 --> 00:38:38,240
those are going to allow us to predict

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00:38:42,550 --> 00:38:40,800
and project the future with far more

926
00:38:46,150 --> 00:38:42,560
confidence

927
00:38:48,630 --> 00:38:46,160
we can from space help farmers we can

928
00:38:51,589 --> 00:38:48,640
help others that grow food around the

929
00:38:54,630 --> 00:38:51,599
earth if there is an earthquake we can

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00:38:57,349 --> 00:38:54,640
get our models better and from there we

931
00:38:59,510 --> 00:38:57,359
can predict better also in the future we

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00:39:01,829 --> 00:38:59,520
can monitor fresh water both on the

933
00:39:04,150 --> 00:39:01,839
surface and underground to help water

934
00:39:05,410 --> 00:39:04,160
managers both for communities as well as

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agriculture

936
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[Music]

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to build the observatory we will expand

938
00:39:14,470 --> 00:39:12,240
our partnerships with commercial

939
00:39:17,589 --> 00:39:14,480
companies and international space

940
00:39:20,069 --> 00:39:17,599
agencies to take advantage of innovation

941
00:39:22,230 --> 00:39:20,079
and new technology we recognize because

942
00:39:23,109 --> 00:39:22,240
of the global nature of the issues at

943
00:39:24,950 --> 00:39:23,119
hand

944
00:39:26,630 --> 00:39:24,960
we want international partners to be

945
00:39:29,030 --> 00:39:26,640
part of that also

946
00:39:33,510 --> 00:39:29,040
we're working together and the science

947
00:39:36,470 --> 00:39:33,520
that we're doing has to serve all of us

948
00:39:38,470 --> 00:39:36,480
nicer is our first major partnership

949
00:39:40,950 --> 00:39:38,480
with the indian space agency in earth

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00:39:44,390 --> 00:39:40,960
science it brings together

951
00:39:46,630 --> 00:39:44,400
two different kinds of radar systems

952
00:39:48,870 --> 00:39:46,640
that together we'll see

953
00:39:50,790 --> 00:39:48,880
changes in our earth's surface that will

954
00:39:52,950 --> 00:39:50,800
help us predict natural hazards in the

955
00:39:55,510 --> 00:39:52,960
future the nisar mission will measure

956
00:39:57,349 --> 00:39:55,520
changes in earth's surface less than a

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00:39:59,589 --> 00:39:57,359
centimeter across

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00:40:01,589 --> 00:39:59,599
it will measure the movement of glaciers

959
00:40:04,550 --> 00:40:01,599
and ice sheets the dynamics of

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00:40:06,790 --> 00:40:04,560
earthquakes and volcanoes and changes in

961
00:40:09,750 --> 00:40:06,800
farmland we will

962
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observe the earth every 12 days exactly

963
00:40:16,470 --> 00:40:12,960
at the right repeat past orbit we can

964
00:40:20,550 --> 00:40:16,480
study small changes in the earth system

965
00:40:25,349 --> 00:40:22,870
the earth's climate is changing we have

966
00:40:28,470 --> 00:40:25,359
documented the changes that we're seeing

967
00:40:31,030 --> 00:40:28,480
over the last few decades we know that

968
00:40:34,069 --> 00:40:31,040
it's being driven by human activities

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00:40:36,630 --> 00:40:34,079
and it's absolutely essential that we

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00:40:39,030 --> 00:40:36,640
continue to understand what's happening

971
00:40:40,870 --> 00:40:39,040
what's changing in order to better

972
00:40:43,910 --> 00:40:40,880
predict what's going to happen and

973
00:40:45,750 --> 00:40:43,920
perhaps help people make better choices

974
00:40:48,710 --> 00:40:45,760
understanding how our planet and its

975
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climate are changing is the foundation

976
00:40:54,470 --> 00:40:51,119
for a more resilient and sustainable

977
00:40:57,589 --> 00:40:54,480
future nasa's earth system observatory

978
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is the next step in this ongoing mission

979
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:01,520
a mission to the only planet we can call